Switching WhitePaper Essay Example for Free

Switching WhitePaper Essay Source MAC addresses are learned from incoming frames. A table of MAC addresses and their associated ports are built and maintained. Unknown unicast, broadcast and multicast frames are flooded to all ports (except the incoming port) Bridges and switches communicate with each other using spanning tree protocol to eliminate bridging loops. Layer 2 Switching A layer 2 switch performs the same functionality as a transparent bridge, however a switch is like a multiport bridge that performs hardware-based-bridging. Frames are forwarded using specialized hardware, called application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC). This hardware gives switching great scalability, with wire-speed performance, low latency, and high port density. As long as Layer 2 switch frames between two Layer 1 interfaces of the same media type, such as two Ethernet connection or an Ethernet connection and a Fast Ethernet connection, the frames do not have to be modified. However, if two interfaces are different media, such as Ethernet and Token Ring or Ethernet and Fibre Distributed data Interface (FDDI), the Layer 2 switch must translate the frame contents before sending out the Layer 1 interface. Layer 2 Switching One draw back to Layer 2 switching is that it can not be scaled effectively. Switches must forward broadcast traffic to all ports, causing large switched networks to become a large broadcast domain. In addition, STP can have a slow convergence time when the switch topology changes. Layer 2 switching alone can not provide an effective, scalable network design. Layer 2 Switches Functions: Source MAC Address learning Filtering/ forwarding Loop avoidance Frame Switching Modes Store and forward Cut through Fast Forwarding Fragment Free Layer 3 Switching Packets are forwarded at Layer 3, just as a router would do. Packets are switched using specialized hardware, ASIC, for high speed and low latency. Packets can be forwarded with security control and quality of service (QOS) using layer 3 address translation. Layer 3 switches are designed to examine and forward packets in high-speed LAN environments. Whereas a router might impose a bottleneck to forwarding throughput, a Layer 3 switch can be placed anywhere in the network, with little or no performance penalty. Layer 4 Switching Packets are forwarded using hardware switching, based on layer 3 addressing and Layer 4 application information. (Layer 2 addressing is also inherently used) Layer 4 protocol types (UDP or TCP, for example) in packet headers are examined. Layer 4 segment headers are examined to determine application port numbers. Allows finer control over movement of information. Layer 4 Switching A Layer 4 switch must allocate a large amount of memory to its forwarding table. Layer 2 and Layer 3 addresses have forwarding tables based on MAC and network addresses, making those tables only as large as the number of network devices. Layer 4 devices, however, must keep track of application protocols and conversations occurring in the network. Their forwarding tables become proportional to the number of devices multiplied by the number of applications. Multilayer Switching Packets are forwarded in hardware that combine Layer 2, Layer 3, Layer 4 switching. Packets are forwarded at wire speed. The traditional Layer 3 routing function is provided using Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF), in which a database of routes to every destination network is maintained and distributed to switching ASICs for very high forwarding performance. Multilayer Switching Cisco switches perform multilayer switching at Layer 3 and Layer 4 The Catalyst family of switches cache traffic flow based on IP addresses. At layer 4, traffic flows are cached based on source and destination addresses, in addition to source and destination ports. All switching is performed in hardware, providing equal performance at both Layer 3 and Layer 4 switching. Reference: http://www.lantronix.com/resources/net-tutor-switching.html http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~cs757/slidespdf/757-01-CommNetworks.pdf

Politics and Politicians :: essays research papers

In politics it would be novel to have a gracious rival. Modern political campaigners might take a lesson in graciousness and kindness from the great British statesman, Edward Campbell . Once when Campbell was opposing Thackereay for a seat in Parliament, the two contenders, in course of their campaigning, met and engaged in friendly conversation. On taking leave of his rival Thackereay remarked, 'May the best man win!' 'Oh, no,' replied Campbell, 'I hope not, I want to win!' E.J. Dionne Jr., author of They Only Look Dead, ascertains that politics in America today are nothing more than 'politics of moral annihilation'. As an example of this he refers to the presidential election of 1992. Normally , press conferences are called when political matters arise. The conference mentioned was called by the conservatives. Paula Jones came forward and accused Bill Clinton of sexual harassment; apparently Mr. Clinton made 'unwelcomed sexual advances" . He continues to point out that these are the same conservatives that only a few years earlier had denounced the idea of sexual harassment as 'feminist invention'. It is acts like this that are aiding in the 'moral annihilation' of politics. The overall impact of such politics is undermining the intelligence of the American populous by turning political campaigning into a childlike power struggle. Both the Democrats and Republicans have reverted to a state of guerrilla media warfare.Every time election year rolls around we begin to hear the usual complaints of how politics is morally corrupt. It typically means we get to see the superficial image-oriented campaigning, negative attacks against one's opponent, and the thirty-second spot commercials that intrr upt our favorite sitcom. Experts note that the rates of political participation in the United States, as measured by the percentage of eligable voters who register and actually cast their ballot, has been dropping for years, in part due to the fact that citizens are disgusted with the conduct of political campaigns. From this we can clearly see overall impact of this type of politics does infact undermind how the populus acts in 3 ways: 1)don't watch televison2)don't care and 3)don't vote.This then brings us to the second point of how this is harmful to democracy. As I stated before it turns political campaigning into a chi ldlike game for power. Author Daniel O'Connell once said: 'A politican doesn't stand on his own record; he jumps on the other fellows. Politics and Politicians :: essays research papers In politics it would be novel to have a gracious rival. Modern political campaigners might take a lesson in graciousness and kindness from the great British statesman, Edward Campbell . Once when Campbell was opposing Thackereay for a seat in Parliament, the two contenders, in course of their campaigning, met and engaged in friendly conversation. On taking leave of his rival Thackereay remarked, 'May the best man win!' 'Oh, no,' replied Campbell, 'I hope not, I want to win!' E.J. Dionne Jr., author of They Only Look Dead, ascertains that politics in America today are nothing more than 'politics of moral annihilation'. As an example of this he refers to the presidential election of 1992. Normally , press conferences are called when political matters arise. The conference mentioned was called by the conservatives. Paula Jones came forward and accused Bill Clinton of sexual harassment; apparently Mr. Clinton made 'unwelcomed sexual advances" . He continues to point out that these are the same conservatives that only a few years earlier had denounced the idea of sexual harassment as 'feminist invention'. It is acts like this that are aiding in the 'moral annihilation' of politics. The overall impact of such politics is undermining the intelligence of the American populous by turning political campaigning into a childlike power struggle. Both the Democrats and Republicans have reverted to a state of guerrilla media warfare.Every time election year rolls around we begin to hear the usual complaints of how politics is morally corrupt. It typically means we get to see the superficial image-oriented campaigning, negative attacks against one's opponent, and the thirty-second spot commercials that intrr upt our favorite sitcom. Experts note that the rates of political participation in the United States, as measured by the percentage of eligable voters who register and actually cast their ballot, has been dropping for years, in part due to the fact that citizens are disgusted with the conduct of political campaigns. From this we can clearly see overall impact of this type of politics does infact undermind how the populus acts in 3 ways: 1)don't watch televison2)don't care and 3)don't vote.This then brings us to the second point of how this is harmful to democracy. As I stated before it turns political campaigning into a chi ldlike game for power. Author Daniel O'Connell once said: 'A politican doesn't stand on his own record; he jumps on the other fellows.

My granddad who is in his 60s Essay

Childhood in its simplest term is defined as the period of time that a person is a child, for a something that sounds so simple childhood is an extremely complex concept. No-one’s childhood is ever the same, similar, yes! But our childhood experiences are unique. Affected by many factors such as; personal experiences, personality, restraints (money, rules, laws) , period born, place that we were born, gender etc†¦ . Childhood is understood to be social constructed, therefore the definition of an ‘ideal’ childhood never says the same for long even in the same society expectations of childhood is constantly evolving, circumstances change; new laws are passed, enhancements in science and technology, war all contribute to the social construction of childhood. It is thought as years have passed that the childhood has improved; more toys, more places to go, better education, entering a technological era, greater understanding of health, all are a part of the life we all now know. However, no matter how many toys, recent gadgets, new clothes a child is given is it really any consolation to the loss of quality time with their parents? Money does not grow on trees, and in recent years percentage of both parents having to work has increased dramatically, you are far less likely to see a stay at home mum but two working parents that won’t even be home by the time their children get home from school. It is said that children have become more independent? Partly I agree children do have to spend more time without the company and influence of their family, however, everything else is handed to them on a plate, children now no longer have to work for what they want but get given it as compensation by their parents who no longer have time for their children, does this really show childhood has improved? To investigate how the ideology of childhood has changed over the years, I interviewed my granddad who is in his 60’s, he began to explain how him and his siblings had a structured up bringing parents were strict but reasonable, they all respected each other and his father was the dominant in the household, they all knew there place. He lived in a 2 bedroom house; mum and dad in one room and him and his two brothers in another. Everything was basic, clothes where either second hand or more often than not hand me downs from his elder brother . Toys were not like they are now you had the choice of small figurines or marbles he’s favourite was a small teddy knitted by his mother. However, the majority of the time they entertained themselves by playing with the other children that lived on their street, he stated games are not what they are now you had to use your imagination and be social to have a good time, you could not just sit in front of a computer screen talk to your all friends. His mother was a stay at home mum, she was relied on to keep the house in order and make sure dinner was on the table as their father got in. Every night they would sit around the table to eat and be thankful for whatever they were given, he made it quite clear there was no snacking so you’d saver every last bit. He did go to school, it was small but education was taken seriously by all the students even though it was basic. He had his first job at the age of 16 and had to use the money he earned to buy himself the things he wanted, which taught him at a young age how important the concept of money is. Overall his memories as a child were extremely happy and family orientated. It is clear when comparing the information given in the interview, to the expectations of what childhood is meant to be like in the twenty-first century, peoples childhoods have changed significantly over the years. Although who is to say this change is for the better? Admittedly children now have a much better education and health care but is that really important when they are taken for granted by most. Even though we have progressed greatly in our understanding of science and technology, as well as being given a wider range opportunities and the freedom to express ourselves. We have lost what was once the most important parts of society and that’s family values, no longer is quality time thought of as important, in fact no one, not even children have time for it. Or do they? is the reason our children are so corrupt and confused, is it because they are begging for the attention of their parents who don’t have the time for them. It seems to me even children now are no longer brought in to this world because couples wanting a family but babies are just another step to having this materialistic ‘perfect’ life everyone is now striving for. I have been focusing on the stereotypical childhood of a child in a more economically developed country, I have concluded that childhood has both progressed in a positive as well as negative way. But what about in other countries? How have their children’s childhood changed? In Asia children are used as slave labourers, and for what exactly? To fulfil the wants of others in more economically developed countries. Children are taken away from their families and made to work in sweatshops to produce the materialistic possessions that apparently have improved other children’s childhood so greatly. Children in these countries are made to grow up so quickly that it can be said they have no childhood at all, they are seen to be young adults, they have to; provide for their family, work before they are even given a proper or any education, the eldest children are made to care for their younger siblings, becoming parents before they even have children of their own. Seems childhood is slowly disintegrating our corrupt and colluded world has forgotten about its children that now even the child protection laws are no longer abided by.

Assist Developmental Playgroup Staff For Children While...

Identifying the information Friday October 30, 2015, I was able to assist Developmental Playgroup staff in caring for children while their parents attended a weekly Health Education and Literacy (HEAL) information session/class. There were a number of seven children present. Two children under the age of one, three children who were one and a half years of age, two children who were two and half years old, and an older child around the age of five. To care for the seven children, there were three staff members and a student intern (me). Purpose of the session Children who participate in Developmental Playgroup on Fridays have parents who are attending a group in order to become acquainted with health and literacy. For example, parent(s) who are Spanish-speaking may not fully understand documents written in English in a hospital setting, so the class aims to assist a parent who has a lower level of literacy or the parent(s) could use English as their second language. 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